<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cyberspace</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Философские проблемы информационных технологий и киберпространства</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Philosophical Problems of IT &amp; Cyberspace (PhilIT&amp;C)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2305-3763</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Пятигорский государственный университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17726/philIT.2021.1.1</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cyberspace-218</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Естественные морфологические вычисления как основа способности к обучению у людей, других живых существ и интеллектуальных машин</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Natural morphological computation as foundation of learning to learn in humans, other living organisms, and intelligent machines</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Додиг-Црнкович</surname><given-names>Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dodig-Crnkovic</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Додиг-Црнкович Гордана, профессор, Технологический университет Чалмерса и Гетеборгский университет, факультет информатики и инженерии; Университет Мелардален,Школа инноваций, дизайна и инженерии</p><p>Швеция, Гетеборг, 40482</p><p>Швеция, Вестерос, 721 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dodig-Crnkovic Gordana, professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and the University of Gothenburg; School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Mälardalen University</p><p>40482 Gothenburg, Sweden</p><p>721 23 Västerås, Sweden</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gordana.dodig-crnkovic@mdh.se</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Технологический университет Чалмерса и Гетеборгский университет; Университет Мелардален</institution><country>Швеция</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chalmers University of Technology and the University of Gothenburg; Mälardalen University</institution><country>Sweden</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Додиг-Црнкович Г., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Додиг-Црнкович Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cyberspace.pgu.ru/jour/article/view/218">https://cyberspace.pgu.ru/jour/article/view/218</self-uri><abstract><p>Современная натурфилософия динамично развивается как сфера науки и является основой для комплексного подхода к рассмотрению естественных, искусственных практик и социально-гуманитарного знания. Как теоретические, так и практические знания приобретаются, систематизируются, накапливаются в активном и пассивном виде в процессе обучения. В данной статье рассматривается взаимосвязь между современными достижениями в понимании процесса обучения в различных научных сферах: прикладных науках об искусственном интеллекте (глубокое обучение, робототехника), естественных науках (нейробиология, когнитивистика, биология) и философии (вычислительная философия, философия сознания, натурфилософия). Рассматривается вопрос о том, что именно может помочь текущему развитию машинного обучения и искусственного интеллекта на данном этапе, вдохновленному естественными процессами, в частности: вычислительными моделями, например информационно-вычислительными методами морфологических вычислений. Помимо этого рассматривается, в какой степени модели и эксперименты в области машинного обучения и робототехники могут стимулировать исследования в области вычислительной когнитивной науки, нейробиологии и природных вычислений. Мы предполагаем, что понимание механизмов формирования способности к обучению может стать важным шагом в развитии глубокого обучения в контексте вычисления/обработки информации в рамках подхода, объединяющего коннекционизм и символьный подход. Так как все естественные интеллектуальные системы являются когнитивными, мы приводим аргументы в пользу эволюционного подхода к изучению познавательных процессов. Из этого следует, что достижение человеческого уровня интеллекта для иных систем возможно только через эволюцию и развитие. Таким образом, данная статья представляет собой вклад в теорию познания в рамках современной философии природы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The emerging contemporary natural philosophy provides a common ground for the integrative view of the natural, the artificial, and the human-social knowledge and practices. Learning process is central for acquiring, maintaining, and managing knowledge, both theoretical and practical. This paper explores the relationships between the present advances in understanding of learning in the sciences of the artificial (deep learning, robotics), natural sciences (neuroscience, cognitive science, biology), and philosophy (philosophy of computing, philosophy of mind, natural philosophy). The question is, what at this stage of the development the inspiration from nature, specifically its computational models such as info-computation through morphological computing, can contribute to machine learning and artificial intelligence, and how much on the other hand models and experiments in machine learning and robotics can motivate, justify, and inform research in computational cognitive science, neurosciences, and computing nature. We propose that one contribution can be understanding of the mechanisms of ‘learning to learn’, as a step towards deep learning with symbolic layer of computation/information processing in a framework linking connectionism with symbolism. As all natural systems possessing intelligence are cognitive systems, we describe the evolutionary arguments for the necessity of learning to learn for a system to reach humanlevel intelligence through evolution and development. The paper thus presents a contribution to the epistemology of the contemporary philosophy of nature.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обучение</kwd><kwd>способность к обучению</kwd><kwd>глубокое обучение</kwd><kwd>обработка информации</kwd><kwd>естественные вычисления</kwd><kwd>морфологические вычисления</kwd><kwd>инфокомпьютинг</kwd><kwd>коннекционизм</kwd><kwd>символизм</kwd><kwd>познание</kwd><kwd>робототехника</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>learning</kwd><kwd>learning to learn</kwd><kwd>deep learning</kwd><kwd>information processing</kwd><kwd>natural computing</kwd><kwd>morphological computing</kwd><kwd>infocomputation</kwd><kwd>connectionism</kwd><kwd>symbolism</kwd><kwd>cognition</kwd><kwd>robotics</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данное исследование финансируется Шведским исследовательским советом, грантом виртуальной реальности MORCOM@ COG. Автор хотел бы поблагодарить анонимных рецензентов за очень полезные, конструктивные и поучительные комментарии.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lecun Y., Bengio Y., Hinton G. Deep Learning. Nature. – 2015, 521, 436- 444; Rozenberg G., Kari L. The Many Facets of Natural Computing. Commun. ACM 2008, 51, 72-83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lecun Y., Bengio Y., Hinton G. Deep Learning. Nature. – 2015, 521, 436- 444; Rozenberg G., Kari L. The Many Facets of Natural Computing. Commun. ACM 2008, 51, 72-83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Nature as a network of morphological infocomputational processes for cognitive agents. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Nature as a network of morphological infocomputational processes for cognitive agents. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Cognition as Embodied Morphological Computation. In Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence; Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; Volume 44, pp. 19-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Cognition as Embodied Morphological Computation. In Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence; Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; Volume 44, pp. 19-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bengio Y. From System 1 Deep Learning to System 2 Deep Learning (NeurIPS2019). Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3sxeTgT4qc (accessed on 24 June 2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bengio Y. From System 1 Deep Learning to System 2 Deep Learning (NeurIPS2019). Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3sxeTgT4qc (accessed on 24 June 2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bengio Y. Scaling up deep learning. In Proceedings of the KDD ‘14: Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining; ACM: New York, NY, USA, 2014; p. 1966.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bengio Y. Scaling up deep learning. In Proceedings of the KDD ‘14: Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining; ACM: New York, NY, USA, 2014; p. 1966.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bengio Y. The Consciousness Prior. arXiv 2019, arXiv:1709.08568v2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bengio Y. The Consciousness Prior. arXiv 2019, arXiv:1709.08568v2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahneman D. Thinking, Fast and Slow; Farrar, Straus and Giroux: New York, NY, USA, 2011; ISBN9780374275631.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahneman D. Thinking, Fast and Slow; Farrar, Straus and Giroux: New York, NY, USA, 2011; ISBN9780374275631.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clark A. Microcognition: Philosophy, Cognitive Science, and Parallel Distributed Processing; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1989; ISBN978-0262530958.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clark A. Microcognition: Philosophy, Cognitive Science, and Parallel Distributed Processing; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1989; ISBN978-0262530958.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scellier B., Bengio Y. Towards a Biologically Plausible Backprop. arXiv 2016, arXiv:1602.05179, 1-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scellier B., Bengio Y. Towards a Biologically Plausible Backprop. arXiv 2016, arXiv:1602.05179, 1-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minsky M. Logical vs. Analogical or Symbolic vs. Connectionist or Neat vs. Scruffy. In Artificial Intelligence at MIT, Expanding Frontiers; Winston, P.H., Ed.; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minsky M. Logical vs. Analogical or Symbolic vs. Connectionist or Neat vs. Scruffy. In Artificial Intelligence at MIT, Expanding Frontiers; Winston, P.H., Ed.; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dinsmore J. The Symbolic and Connectionist Paradigms; Psychology Press: New York, NY, USA; London, UK, 2014; ISBN978-0805810806.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dinsmore J. The Symbolic and Connectionist Paradigms; Psychology Press: New York, NY, USA; London, UK, 2014; ISBN978-0805810806.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang J. Symbolism vs. Connectionism: A Closing Gap in Artificial Intelligence. Available online: http://wangjieshu.com/2017/12/23/symbolvs-connectionism-a-closing-gap-in-artificial-intelligence/ (accessed on 28 June 2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang J. Symbolism vs. Connectionism: A Closing Gap in Artificial Intelligence. Available online: http://wangjieshu.com/2017/12/23/symbolvs-connectionism-a-closing-gap-in-artificial-intelligence/ (accessed on 28 June 2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garcez A.D.A., Besold T.R., De Raedt L., Foldiak P., Hitzler P., Icard T., Kiihnberger K.U., Lamb L.C., Miikkulainen R., Silver D.L. Neuralsymbolic learning and reasoning: Contributions and challenges. In Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium-Technical Report, Stanford, CA, USA, 23-25 March 2015; Dagstuhl Seminar 14381. Dagstuhl Publishing: Dagstuhl, Germany, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcez A.D.A., Besold T.R., De Raedt L., Foldiak P., Hitzler P., Icard T., Kiihnberger K.U., Lamb L.C., Miikkulainen R., Silver D.L. Neuralsymbolic learning and reasoning: Contributions and challenges. In Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium-Technical Report, Stanford, CA, USA, 23-25 March 2015; Dagstuhl Seminar 14381. Dagstuhl Publishing: Dagstuhl, Germany, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Floridi L. Informational realism. In Proceedings of the Selected Papers from Conference on Computers and Philosophy-Volume 37 (CRPIT ‘03); Weckert J., Al-Saggaf Y., Eds.; Australian Computer Society, Inc.: Darlinghurst, Australia, 2003. P. 7-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Floridi L. Informational realism. In Proceedings of the Selected Papers from Conference on Computers and Philosophy-Volume 37 (CRPIT ‘03); Weckert J., Al-Saggaf Y., Eds.; Australian Computer Society, Inc.: Darlinghurst, Australia, 2003. P. 7-12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Dynamics of Information as Natural Computation. Information 2011, 2, 460-477.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Dynamics of Information as Natural Computation. Information 2011, 2, 460-477.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Information, Computation, Cognition. Agency-Based Hierarchies of Levels. In Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence. Synthese Library, (Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science); Müller, V., Ed.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; pp. 141-159. ISBN9783319264851. Volume 376.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Information, Computation, Cognition. Agency-Based Hierarchies of Levels. In Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence. Synthese Library, (Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science); Müller, V., Ed.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; pp. 141-159. ISBN9783319264851. Volume 376.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G., Giovagnoli R. COMPUTING NATURE. Turing Centenary Perspective; Dodig-Crnkovic, G., Giovagnoli, R., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2013; Volume 7, ISBN978-3-642- 37224-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G., Giovagnoli R. COMPUTING NATURE. Turing Centenary Perspective; Dodig-Crnkovic, G., Giovagnoli, R., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2013; Volume 7, ISBN978-3-642- 37224-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Physical computation as dynamics of form that glues everything together. Information 2012, 3, 204-218.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Physical computation as dynamics of form that glues everything together. Information 2012, 3, 204-218.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Froese T., Ziemke T. Enactive Artificial Intelligence: Investigating the systemic organization of life and mind. Artif. Intell. 2009, 173, 466-500.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Froese T., Ziemke T. Enactive Artificial Intelligence: Investigating the systemic organization of life and mind. Artif. Intell. 2009, 173, 466-500.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kauffman S. The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1993; ISBN978- 0195079517.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kauffman S. The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1993; ISBN978- 0195079517.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deacon T. Incomplete Nature. How Mind Emerged from Matter; W.W. Norton &amp; Company: New York, USA, 2011; ISBN978-0-393- 04991-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deacon T. Incomplete Nature. How Mind Emerged from Matter; W.W. Norton &amp; Company: New York, USA, 2011; ISBN978-0-393- 04991-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bateson G. Steps to an Ecology of Mind; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 1973; ISBN9780226039053.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bateson G. Steps to an Ecology of Mind; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 1973; ISBN9780226039053.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Floridi L. A defense of informational structural realism. Synthese 2008, 161, 219-253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Floridi L. A defense of informational structural realism. Synthese 2008, 161, 219-253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Out of Information and Computation: Is God a Programmer, Not a Mathematician? In Exploring the Foundations of Science, Thought and Reality; Wuppuluri, S., Doria, F.A., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018. [Google Scholar]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Out of Information and Computation: Is God a Programmer, Not a Mathematician? In Exploring the Foundations of Science, Thought and Reality; Wuppuluri, S., Doria, F.A., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018. [Google Scholar]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Shifting the Paradigm of Philosophy of Science: Philosophy of Information and a New Renaissance. Minds Mach. 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Shifting the Paradigm of Philosophy of Science: Philosophy of Information and a New Renaissance. Minds Mach. 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maturana H. Biology of Cognition; Defense Technical Information Center: Urbana, IL, USA, 1970.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maturana H. Biology of Cognition; Defense Technical Information Center: Urbana, IL, USA, 1970.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maturana H., Varela F. Autopoiesis and cognition: The Realization of the Living; D. Reidel Publishing Company: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maturana H., Varela F. Autopoiesis and cognition: The Realization of the Living; D. Reidel Publishing Company: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1980.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stewart J. Cognition = life: Implications for higher-level cognition. Behav. Process. 1996, 35, 311-326.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stewart J. Cognition = life: Implications for higher-level cognition. Behav. Process. 1996, 35, 311-326.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ben-Jacob E. Bacterial Complexity: More Is Different on All Levels. In Systems Biology-The Challenge of Complexity; Nakanishi, S., Kageyama, R., Watanabe, D., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; pp. 25-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ben-Jacob E. Bacterial Complexity: More Is Different on All Levels. In Systems Biology-The Challenge of Complexity; Nakanishi, S., Kageyama, R., Watanabe, D., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; pp. 25-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ben-Jacob E. Learning from Bacteria about Natural Information Processing. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2009, 1178, 78-90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ben-Jacob E. Learning from Bacteria about Natural Information Processing. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2009, 1178, 78-90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lyon P. The cognitive cell: Bacterial behavior reconsidered. Front. Microbiol. 2015, 6, 264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyon P. The cognitive cell: Bacterial behavior reconsidered. Front. Microbiol. 2015, 6, 264.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marijuán P.C., Navarro J., del Moral R. On prokaryotic intelligence: Strategies for sensing the environment. BioSystems 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marijuán P.C., Navarro J., del Moral R. On prokaryotic intelligence: Strategies for sensing the environment. BioSystems 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Popper K. All Life Is Problem Solving; Routledge: London, UK, 1999; ISBN978-0415249928.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popper K. All Life Is Problem Solving; Routledge: London, UK, 1999; ISBN978-0415249928.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baars B. J. Global workspace theory of consciousness: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of human experience. Prog. Brain Res. 2005, 150, 45-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baars B. J. Global workspace theory of consciousness: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of human experience. Prog. Brain Res. 2005, 150, 45-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Duijn M., Keijzer F., Franken D. Principles of Minimal Cognition: Casting Cognition as Sensorimotor Coordination. Adapt. Behav. 2006, 14, 157-170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Duijn M., Keijzer F., Franken D. Principles of Minimal Cognition: Casting Cognition as Sensorimotor Coordination. Adapt. Behav. 2006, 14, 157-170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Århem P., Liljenström H. On the coevolution of cognition and consciousness. J. Theor. Biol. 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Århem P., Liljenström H. On the coevolution of cognition and consciousness. J. Theor. Biol. 1997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liljenström H., Århem P. Consciousness Transitions: Phylogenetic, Ontogenetic and Physiological Aspects; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2011; ISBN978-0-444-52977-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liljenström H., Århem P. Consciousness Transitions: Phylogenetic, Ontogenetic and Physiological Aspects; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2011; ISBN978-0-444-52977-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G., von Haugwitz R. Reality Construction in Cognitive Agents through Processes of Info-Computation. In Representation and Reality in Humans, Other Living Organisms and Intelligent Machines; Dodig-Crnkovic, G., Giovagnoli, R., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Basel, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 211-235. ISBN978-3-319- 43782-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G., von Haugwitz R. Reality Construction in Cognitive Agents through Processes of Info-Computation. In Representation and Reality in Humans, Other Living Organisms and Intelligent Machines; Dodig-Crnkovic, G., Giovagnoli, R., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Basel, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 211-235. ISBN978-3-319- 43782-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Putnam H. Mathematics, Matter and Method; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1975.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putnam H. Mathematics, Matter and Method; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1975.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G., Schroeder M. Contemporary Natural Philosophy and Philosophies. Philosophies 2018, 3, 42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G., Schroeder M. Contemporary Natural Philosophy and Philosophies. Philosophies 2018, 3, 42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G., Schroeder M. Contemporary Natural Philosophy and Philosophies-Part 1; MDPI AG: Basel, Switzerland, 2019; ISBN978-3- 03897-822-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G., Schroeder M. Contemporary Natural Philosophy and Philosophies-Part 1; MDPI AG: Basel, Switzerland, 2019; ISBN978-3- 03897-822-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edmonds B., Gershenson C. Learning, Social Intelligence and the Turing Test. In How the World Computes. CiE2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Cooper, S.B., Dawar, A., Löwe, B., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/ Heidelberg, Germany, 2012; Volume 7318.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edmonds B., Gershenson C. Learning, Social Intelligence and the Turing Test. In How the World Computes. CiE2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Cooper, S.B., Dawar, A., Löwe, B., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/ Heidelberg, Germany, 2012; Volume 7318.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minsky M. The Society of Mind; Simon and Schuster: New York, NY, USA, 1986; ISBN0-671-60740-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minsky M. The Society of Mind; Simon and Schuster: New York, NY, USA, 1986; ISBN0-671-60740-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dennett D. From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds; W.W. Norton &amp; Company: New York City, NY, USA, 2017; ISBN978-0- 393-24207-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dennett D. From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds; W.W. Norton &amp; Company: New York City, NY, USA, 2017; ISBN978-0- 393-24207-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Investigations into Information Semantics and Ethics of Computing; Mälardalen University Press: Västerås, Sweden, 2006; ISBN91-85485-23-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Investigations into Information Semantics and Ethics of Computing; Mälardalen University Press: Västerås, Sweden, 2006; ISBN91-85485-23-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G., Müller V. A Dialogue Concerning Two World Systems: Info-Computational vs. Mechanistic. In Information and Computation; Dodig Crnkovic, G., Burgin, M., Eds.; World Scientific Pub Co Inc: Singapore, 2009; pp. 149-184. ISBN978-981-4295-47-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G., Müller V. A Dialogue Concerning Two World Systems: Info-Computational vs. Mechanistic. In Information and Computation; Dodig Crnkovic, G., Burgin, M., Eds.; World Scientific Pub Co Inc: Singapore, 2009; pp. 149-184. ISBN978-981-4295-47-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G. The info-computational nature of morphological computing. In Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence. Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics; Müller, V., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2013; Volume 5, ISBN00935301.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G. The info-computational nature of morphological computing. In Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence. Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics; Müller, V., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2013; Volume 5, ISBN00935301.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pfeifer R., Bongard J. How the Body Shapes the Way We Think–A New View of Intelligence; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2006; ISBN9780262162395.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pfeifer R., Bongard J. How the Body Shapes the Way We Think–A New View of Intelligence; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2006; ISBN9780262162395.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Witzany G. Memory and Learning as Key Competences of Living Organisms. In Memory and Learning in Plants. Signaling and Communication in Plants; Baluska, F., Gagliano, M., Witzany, G., Eds.; Springer Nature Switzerland: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp. 1-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Witzany G. Memory and Learning as Key Competences of Living Organisms. In Memory and Learning in Plants. Signaling and Communication in Plants; Baluska, F., Gagliano, M., Witzany, G., Eds.; Springer Nature Switzerland: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp. 1-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Witzany G. Introduction: Key Levels of Biocommunication of Bacteria. In Biocommunication in Soil Microorganisms; Witzany, G., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Witzany G. Introduction: Key Levels of Biocommunication of Bacteria. In Biocommunication in Soil Microorganisms; Witzany, G., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Witzany G. Viruses: Essential Agents of Life; Springer Netherlands: Dodrecht, Netherlands, 2012; ISBN9789400748996.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Witzany G. Viruses: Essential Agents of Life; Springer Netherlands: Dodrecht, Netherlands, 2012; ISBN9789400748996.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Villarreal L.P., Witzany G. Viruses are essential agents within the roots and stem of the tree of life. J. Theor. Biol. 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Villarreal L.P., Witzany G. Viruses are essential agents within the roots and stem of the tree of life. J. Theor. Biol. 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leyton M. Shape as Memory Storage. In Ambient Intelligence for Scientific Discovery. Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Yang, C., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2005; Volume 3345.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leyton M. Shape as Memory Storage. In Ambient Intelligence for Scientific Discovery. Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Yang, C., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2005; Volume 3345.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kandel E.R., Dudai Y., Mayford M.R. The molecular and systems biology of memory. Cell 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kandel E.R., Dudai Y., Mayford M.R. The molecular and systems biology of memory. Cell 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fields C., Levin M. Multiscale memory and bioelectric error correction in the cytoplasm-cytoskeleton-membrane system. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med. 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fields C., Levin M. Multiscale memory and bioelectric error correction in the cytoplasm-cytoskeleton-membrane system. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med. 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kukushkin N.V., Carew T. J. Memory Takes Time. Neuron 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kukushkin N.V., Carew T. J. Memory Takes Time. Neuron 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Witzany G. Biocommunication of Archaea; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; ISBN9783319655369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Witzany G. Biocommunication of Archaea; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; ISBN9783319655369.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Witzany G. Bio-communication of Plants. Nat. Preced. 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Witzany G. Bio-communication of Plants. Nat. Preced. 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pombo O., Torres J.M., Rahman S. Special Sciences and the Unity of Science; Logic, E., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2012; ISBN978-94-007-9213-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pombo O., Torres J.M., Rahman S. Special Sciences and the Unity of Science; Logic, E., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2012; ISBN978-94-007-9213-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosen R. Anticipatory Systems; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1985; ISBN978-1-4614-1268-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosen R. Anticipatory Systems; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1985; ISBN978-1-4614-1268-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Popper K. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1972.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popper K. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1972.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campbell D.T. Evolutionary epistemology. In The Philosophy of Karl Popper; Schilpp, P.A., Ed.; Open Court Publ.: La Salle, IL, USA, 1974; Volume 1, pp. 413-463.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campbell D.T. Evolutionary epistemology. In The Philosophy of Karl Popper; Schilpp, P.A., Ed.; Open Court Publ.: La Salle, IL, USA, 1974; Volume 1, pp. 413-463.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vanberg V. Cultural Evolution, Collective Learning, and Constitutional Design. In Economic Thought and Political Theory; Reisman, D., Ed.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vanberg V. Cultural Evolution, Collective Learning, and Constitutional Design. In Economic Thought and Political Theory; Reisman, D., Ed.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1994.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thagard P. Against Evolutionary Epistemology. PSA Proc. Bienn. Meet. Philos. Sci. Assoc. 1980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thagard P. Against Evolutionary Epistemology. PSA Proc. Bienn. Meet. Philos. Sci. Assoc. 1980.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kronfeldner M.E. Darwinian «blind» hypothesis formation revisited. Synthese 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kronfeldner M.E. Darwinian «blind» hypothesis formation revisited. Synthese 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jablonka E., Lamb M. J., Anna Z. Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2014; ISBN9780262322676.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jablonka E., Lamb M. J., Anna Z. Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2014; ISBN9780262322676.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laland K.N., Uller T., Feldman M.W., Sterelny K., Müller G.B., Moczek A., Jablonka E., Odling-Smee J. The extended evolutionary synthesis: Its structure, assumptions and predictions. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laland K.N., Uller T., Feldman M.W., Sterelny K., Müller G.B., Moczek A., Jablonka E., Odling-Smee J. The extended evolutionary synthesis: Its structure, assumptions and predictions. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noble D. The Music of Life: Biology Beyond the Genome. Lavoisierfr 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noble D. The Music of Life: Biology Beyond the Genome. Lavoisierfr 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watson R.A., Szathmáry E. How Can Evolution Learn? Trends Ecol Evol. 2016, 31, 147-157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watson R.A., Szathmáry E. How Can Evolution Learn? Trends Ecol Evol. 2016, 31, 147-157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turing A.M. Computing machinery and intelligence. In Machine Intelligence: Perspectives on the Computational Model; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2012; ISBN0815327684.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turing A.M. Computing machinery and intelligence. In Machine Intelligence: Perspectives on the Computational Model; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2012; ISBN0815327684.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaitin G. Epistemology as Information Theory: From Leibniz to Ω. In Computation, Information, Cognition–The Nexus and The Liminal; Dodig Crnkovic, G., Ed.; Cambridge Scholars Pub.: Newcastle, UK, 2007; pp. 2-17. ISBN978-1-4438-0040-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaitin G. Epistemology as Information Theory: From Leibniz to Ω. In Computation, Information, Cognition–The Nexus and The Liminal; Dodig Crnkovic, G., Ed.; Cambridge Scholars Pub.: Newcastle, UK, 2007; pp. 2-17. ISBN978-1-4438-0040-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neil Gershenfeld Morphogenesis for the Design of Design A Talk by. Available online: https://www.edge.org/conversation/neil_gershenfeldmorphogenesis-for-the-design-of-design (accessed on 28 June 2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neil Gershenfeld Morphogenesis for the Design of Design A Talk by. Available online: https://www.edge.org/conversation/neil_gershenfeldmorphogenesis-for-the-design-of-design (accessed on 28 June 2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sloman A. Meta-Morphogenesis: Evolution and Development of Information-Processing Machinery. In Alan Turing: His Work and Impact; Cooper, S.B., van Leeuwen, J., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2013; p. 849. ISBN978-0-12-386980-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sloman A. Meta-Morphogenesis: Evolution and Development of Information-Processing Machinery. In Alan Turing: His Work and Impact; Cooper, S.B., van Leeuwen, J., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2013; p. 849. ISBN978-0-12-386980-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nature Gene Regulation. Available online: https://www.nature.com/subjects/gene-regulation (accessed on 28 June 2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nature Gene Regulation. Available online: https://www.nature.com/subjects/gene-regulation (accessed on 28 June 2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hewitt C. What is computation? Actor Model versus Turing’s Model. In A Computable Universe, Understanding Computation &amp; Exploring Nature As Computation; Zenil, H., Ed.; World Scientific Publishing Company: Singapore, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hewitt C. What is computation? Actor Model versus Turing’s Model. In A Computable Universe, Understanding Computation &amp; Exploring Nature As Computation; Zenil, H., Ed.; World Scientific Publishing Company: Singapore, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rozenberg G., Bäck T., Kok J.N. (Eds.) Handbook of Natural Computing; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2012; ISBN978-3-540-92911-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozenberg G., Bäck T., Kok J.N. (Eds.) Handbook of Natural Computing; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2012; ISBN978-3-540-92911-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Denning P. Computing is a natural science. Commun. ACM 2007, 50, 13-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denning P. Computing is a natural science. Commun. ACM 2007, 50, 13-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Denning P., Rosenbloom P. The fourth great domain of science. ACM Commun. 2009, 52, 27-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denning P., Rosenbloom P. The fourth great domain of science. ACM Commun. 2009, 52, 27-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Y. On Abstract Intelligence: Toward a Unifying Theory of Natural, Artificial, Machinable, and Computational Intelligence. Int. J. Softw. Sci. Comput. Intell. 2009, 1, 1-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Y. On Abstract Intelligence: Toward a Unifying Theory of Natural, Artificial, Machinable, and Computational Intelligence. Int. J. Softw. Sci. Comput. Intell. 2009, 1, 1-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crutchfield J.P., Ditto William, L., Sinha S. Introduction to Focus Issue: Intrinsic and Designed Computation: Information Processing in Dynamical Systems-Beyond the Digital Hegemony. Chaos 2010, 20, 037101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crutchfield J.P., Ditto William, L., Sinha S. Introduction to Focus Issue: Intrinsic and Designed Computation: Information Processing in Dynamical Systems-Beyond the Digital Hegemony. Chaos 2010, 20, 037101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crutchfield J.P., Wiesner K. Intrinsic Quantum Computation. Phys. Lett. A 2008, 374, 375-380.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crutchfield J.P., Wiesner K. Intrinsic Quantum Computation. Phys. Lett. A 2008, 374, 375-380.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collier J. Information, Causation and Computation. In Information and Computation; Dodig-Crnkovic, G., Burgin, M., Eds.; World Scientific: Singapore, 2011; pp. 89-105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collier J. Information, Causation and Computation. In Information and Computation; Dodig-Crnkovic, G., Burgin, M., Eds.; World Scientific: Singapore, 2011; pp. 89-105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zenil H. A Computable Universe. Understanding Computation &amp; Exploring Nature as Computation; World Scientific: Singapore, 2012; ISBN978-9814374293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zenil H. A Computable Universe. Understanding Computation &amp; Exploring Nature as Computation; World Scientific: Singapore, 2012; ISBN978-9814374293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piccinini G. Computation in Physical Systems. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Zalta, E.N., Ed.; 2017; Available online: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/computationphysicalsystems/ (accessed on 28 June 2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piccinini G. Computation in Physical Systems. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Zalta, E.N., Ed.; 2017; Available online: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/computationphysicalsystems/ (accessed on 28 June 2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horsman C., Stepney S., Wagner R.C., Kendon V. When does a physical system compute? Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2014, 470, 20140182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horsman C., Stepney S., Wagner R.C., Kendon V. When does a physical system compute? Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2014, 470, 20140182.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horsman D., Kendon V., Stepney S. The natural science of computing. Commun. ACM 2017, 60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horsman D., Kendon V., Stepney S. The natural science of computing. Commun. ACM 2017, 60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horsman D., Kendon V., Stepney S., Young J.P.W. Abstraction and representation in living organisms: When does a biological systemcompute? In Representation and Reality in Humans, Animals, and Machines. Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; Volume 28, pp. 91-116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horsman D., Kendon V., Stepney S., Young J.P.W. Abstraction and representation in living organisms: When does a biological systemcompute? In Representation and Reality in Humans, Animals, and Machines. Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; Volume 28, pp. 91-116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit88"><label>88</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brooks R.A. Intelligence without representation. Artif. Intell. 1991.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brooks R.A. Intelligence without representation. Artif. Intell. 1991.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit89"><label>89</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hauser H., Füchslin R.M., Pfeifer R. Opinions and Outlooks on Morphological Computation; e-book; 2014; ISBN978-3-033-04515-6. Available online: https://www.morphologicalcomputation.org/e-book (accessed on 28 June 2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hauser H., Füchslin R.M., Pfeifer R. Opinions and Outlooks on Morphological Computation; e-book; 2014; ISBN978-3-033-04515-6. Available online: https://www.morphologicalcomputation.org/e-book (accessed on 28 June 2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit90"><label>90</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Copeland J., Dresner E., Proudfoot D., Shagrir O. Time to reinspect the foundations? Commun. ACM 2016, 59, 34-36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Copeland J., Dresner E., Proudfoot D., Shagrir O. Time to reinspect the foundations? Commun. ACM 2016, 59, 34-36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit91"><label>91</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turing A.M. The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 1952, 237, 37-72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turing A.M. The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 1952, 237, 37-72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit92"><label>92</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kampis G. Self-Modifying Systems in Biology and Cognitive Science: A New Framework for Dynamics, Information, and Complexity; Pergamon Press: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1991; ISBN9780080369792.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kampis G. Self-Modifying Systems in Biology and Cognitive Science: A New Framework for Dynamics, Information, and Complexity; Pergamon Press: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1991; ISBN9780080369792.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit93"><label>93</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valiant L. Probably Approximately Correct: Nature’s Algorithms for Learning and Prospering in a Complex World; Basic Books: New York, NY, USA, 2013; ISBN978-0465032716.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valiant L. Probably Approximately Correct: Nature’s Algorithms for Learning and Prospering in a Complex World; Basic Books: New York, NY, USA, 2013; ISBN978-0465032716.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit94"><label>94</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simon H.A. Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychol. Rev. 1956, 63, 129-138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simon H.A. Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychol. Rev. 1956, 63, 129-138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit95"><label>95</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sloman A., Chrisley R. Virtual machines and consciousness. J. Conscious. Stud. 2003, 10, 113-172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sloman A., Chrisley R. Virtual machines and consciousness. J. Conscious. Stud. 2003, 10, 113-172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit96"><label>96</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grossberg G.A., Carpenter S. ART 2: Self-organization of stable category recognition codes for analog input patterns. Appl. Opt. 1987, 26, 4919- 4930.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grossberg G.A., Carpenter S. ART 2: Self-organization of stable category recognition codes for analog input patterns. Appl. Opt. 1987, 26, 4919- 4930.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit97"><label>97</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mermin N.D. Making better sense of quantum mechanics. Reports Prog. Phys. 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mermin N.D. Making better sense of quantum mechanics. Reports Prog. Phys. 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit98"><label>98</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Müller M.P. Law without law: From observer states to physics via algorithmic information theory. Quantum 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Müller M.P. Law without law: From observer states to physics via algorithmic information theory. Quantum 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit99"><label>99</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vedral V. Information and physics. Information 2012, 3, 219-223.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vedral V. Information and physics. Information 2012, 3, 219-223.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit100"><label>100</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goyal P. Information physics-towards a new conception of physical reality. Information 2012, 3, 567-594.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goyal P. Information physics-towards a new conception of physical reality. Information 2012, 3, 567-594.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit101"><label>101</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Information and energy/matter. Information 2012, 4, 751.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodig-Crnkovic G. Information and energy/matter. Information 2012, 4, 751.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit102"><label>102</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fields C. If physics is an information science, what is an observer? Information 2012, 3, 92-123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fields C. If physics is an information science, what is an observer? Information 2012, 3, 92-123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit103"><label>103</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wheeler J.A. Information, physics, quantum: The search for links. In Complexity, Entropy, and the Physics of Information; Zurek, W., Ed.; Addison-Wesley: Redwood City, CA, USA, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wheeler J.A. Information, physics, quantum: The search for links. In Complexity, Entropy, and the Physics of Information; Zurek, W., Ed.; Addison-Wesley: Redwood City, CA, USA, 1990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit104"><label>104</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weizcsäcker C.F. The Unity of Nature. In Physical Sciences and History of Physics; Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science; Cohen, R.S., Wartofsky, M.W., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1984. V. 82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weizcsäcker C.F. The Unity of Nature. In Physical Sciences and History of Physics; Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science; Cohen, R.S., Wartofsky, M.W., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1984. V. 82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit105"><label>105</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ehresmann A.C. MENS, an Info-Computational Model for (Neuro-) cognitive Systems Capable of Creativity. Entropy 2012, 14, 1703-1716.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ehresmann A.C. MENS, an Info-Computational Model for (Neuro-) cognitive Systems Capable of Creativity. Entropy 2012, 14, 1703-1716.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit106"><label>106</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghosh S., Aswani K., Singh S., Sahu S., Fujita D., Bandyopadhyay A. Design and Construction of a Brain-Like Computer: A New Class of Frequency-Fractal Computing Using Wireless Communication in a Supramolecular Organic, Inorganic System. Information 2014, 5, 28-100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghosh S., Aswani K., Singh S., Sahu S., Fujita D., Bandyopadhyay A. Design and Construction of a Brain-Like Computer: A New Class of Frequency-Fractal Computing Using Wireless Communication in a Supramolecular Organic, Inorganic System. Information 2014, 5, 28-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit107"><label>107</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zenil H., Kiani N.A., Zea A.A., Tegnér J. Causal deconvolution by algorithmic generative models. Nat. Mach. Intell. 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zenil H., Kiani N.A., Zea A.A., Tegnér J. Causal deconvolution by algorithmic generative models. Nat. Mach. Intell. 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit108"><label>108</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cardelli L. Artificial Biochemistry. In Algorithmic Bioprocesses; Condon, A., Harel, D., Kok, J.N., Salomaa, A., Winfree, E., Eds.; Springer: Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; pp. 429-462.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardelli L. Artificial Biochemistry. In Algorithmic Bioprocesses; Condon, A., Harel, D., Kok, J.N., Salomaa, A., Winfree, E., Eds.; Springer: Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; pp. 429-462.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit109"><label>109</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cardelli L., Zavattaro G. On the computational power of biochemistry. In Proceedings of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics); Horimoto, K., Regensburger, G., Rosenkranz, M., Yoshida, H., Eds.; LNCS; Springer: Heidelberg, Germany, 2008; Volume 5147, pp. 65-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardelli L., Zavattaro G. On the computational power of biochemistry. In Proceedings of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics); Horimoto, K., Regensburger, G., Rosenkranz, M., Yoshida, H., Eds.; LNCS; Springer: Heidelberg, Germany, 2008; Volume 5147, pp. 65-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit110"><label>110</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cardelli L. Morphisms of reaction networks that couple structure to function. BMC Syst. Biol. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardelli L. Morphisms of reaction networks that couple structure to function. BMC Syst. Biol. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit111"><label>111</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cardelli L., Tribastone M., Tschaikowski M. From electric circuits to chemical networks. Nat. Comput. 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardelli L., Tribastone M., Tschaikowski M. From electric circuits to chemical networks. Nat. Comput. 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit112"><label>112</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fresco N. Physical Computation and Cognitive Science; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2014; ISBN978-3-642-41374-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fresco N. Physical Computation and Cognitive Science; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2014; ISBN978-3-642-41374-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit113"><label>113</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Devon Hjelm R., Grewal K., Bachman P., Fedorov A., Trischler A., Lavoie-Marchildon S., Bengio Y. Learning deep representations by mutual information estimation and maximization. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR2019, New Orleans, LA, USA, 6-9 May 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devon Hjelm R., Grewal K., Bachman P., Fedorov A., Trischler A., Lavoie-Marchildon S., Bengio Y. Learning deep representations by mutual information estimation and maximization. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR2019, New Orleans, LA, USA, 6-9 May 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
