We consider one of the possible approaches to adequacy of mathematical models by the example of data samples used to design and analysis algorithms to solve reallife instances of travelling salesman problem (TSP). Authors consider so-called pseudo-Euclidian version of that problem to be more adequate description of the real-life examples of TSP, than more common Euclidian TSP. Latter is explained by the following: designing an algorithms (and estimating its effectiveness) for a given object domain one has to consider the representativeness of generated sample data for this domain. Commonly a set if random variables with a given distribution function is used as a sample data using some idealized data model (mostly with uniform distribution of attri-butes values). However in practice the input data has some special distribu-tion of attributes values, different from uniform or Gaussian. As a result the algorithm’s performance on a real-life data is inadequate (both on average and at worst). The most important conclusion made by the authors is the following. There are different object domains (as in theoretical information, so in mathematics), in which mainstream research conducted by different scientific groups has not much in common with the real-life instances of the studied problems. One of such examples is the «enthusiasm» of many mathematicians and pro grammers about the improvement of algorithms for Euclidian TSP (instead of pseudo-Euclidian)

The authors present their views on the hard problems and possible approaches for their algorithmics. The level of presentation is “slightly larger than the popular-science”, but “slightly less than scientific”. We call attention to the fact that we do not restrict our interpretation of hardness to so called NP-hardness in this book. Problems like primality testing, that are not known to be NP-hard (but that are also not known to be polynomial-time solvable), are in the center of our interest, too. It focuses on a systematic presentation of the fundamental concepts and algorithm design techniques. Among the examples of the tasks before us, there are the famous intellectual puzzle games, as well as the travelling salesman problem and problems of minimization of nondeterministic finite automata and disjunctive normal forms. Among the algorithms, we first consider the heuristic, which usually does not guarantee an optimal solution, but with an acceptably high probability yield a solution that is close to it. An important type is the so-called anytime- algorithms, i. e., real-time algorithms that have the best (for now) solution at any given moment; wherein the user in real-time may look these pseudo-optimal solutions, and usually, the sequence of these solutions gives in the limit the optimal one.

Prospect of complete electronic justice is analyzed in the light of ability to assess legal arguments quantitatively which is grounded on the logical probability concept. Specificity and range of application of the Leibniz-ian approach to the assessment are elucidated in comparison with the “objec-tive Bayesianism”. A fundamental drawback that challenges any attempt to fulfil complete electronic justice today is pointed out: this one is generated by essential role of human intuition in assigning of the initial data necessary to assess legal arguments quantitatively. Presumably, final completion of electronic justice will demand not only objective and powerful artificial intelligence but relevant artificial intuition as well.

In this article I shall discuss the most influential and discussed non-physicalistic arguments, which became almost iconic in the last. Non physicalistic programs can be divided into negative and positive subprograms. There is the question “how physical processes in the brain cause mental experi- ences?” in the framework of the positive subprogram. In turn, the negative part is mean to critique the main arguments and the provisions of the physicalism. In this article I’m going to focus on the second negative subprogram. I will limit myself to outlining the arguments, which aim to demonstrate and defend phenomenal consciousness. Not having the opportunity to recount specific physicalistic positions and arguments, I would bring them during the review of the non-physicalistic arguments. The purpose of my work is rather mod-est – I’m going to do a review of the main non-physicalistic arguments, accom-panied by their respective explanatory commenting and, if possible, compact analysis. Adhering to the planned format of the research, I did not pursue the goal to provide this research with my own critical comments and suggestions, because it would not meet the scope of the article.

The article is devoted to the question of the phenomenon of empathy in philosophical and psychological aspects in the modern conditions of society’s internetization and cybersocialization. The particular attention paid for the visual aspect of human perception, that is the key for a number of human activity’s constituents in the Internet space including possibilities of empathy’s manifestation.

This article describes the design of the information system built on the basis of the history of ideas. The system includes interactive materials on the philosophical concepts, issues, discourses and categories. Information system will use a virtual mechanism “time machine”. The user can request this system the content of idea in a specific historical period and get a model of this idea, which comprises the information about the environment, related ideas, categories, concepts. Access to the information system will be made through the web site project. Content management will be decentralized. Software and methodology of the system can be used to create information systems in other areas and disciplines.