In the second part of this paper, we continue to present our views on the hard problems and possible approaches for their algorithmics. The level of presentation is “slightly larger than the popular-science”, but “slightly less than scientific”. We call attention to the fact that we do not restrict our interpretation of hardness to so called NP-hardness in this book. Problems like primality testing, that are not known to be NP-hard (but that are also not known to be polynomial-time solvable), are in the center of our interest, too. It focuses on a systematic presentation of the fundamental concepts and algorithm design techniques. Among the examples of the tasks before us, there are the famous intellectual puzzle games, as well as the travelling salesman problem and problems of minimization of nondeterministic finite automata and disjunctive normal forms. Among the algorithms, we first consider the heuristic, which usually does not guarantee an optimal solution, but with an acceptably high probability yield a solution that is close to it. An important type is the so-called anytime-algorithms, i.e., real-time algorithms that have the best (for now) solution at any given moment; wherein the user in real-time may look these pseudo-optimal solutions, and usually, the sequence of these solutions gives in the limit the optimal one.

Perspective direction of interdisciplinary investigations, namely, modeling of cognitive evolution is discussed. Backgrounds for this direction of investigations are characterized. Sketch program of future modeling of cognitive evolution is proposed. Initial models of these investigations are shortly described. Interdisciplinary relations of modeling of cognitive evolution are underlined

The article addressed the issue of mental experiment as one of the important means of shaping the world view of modern science. Justified position of heuristic thought experiment due to the trend towards convergence of methodologies, conceptual apparatus and ideological bases of accurate, fundamental and socio-humanitarian disciplines . Highlighting the role of a thought experiment for modern philosophical anthropology and philosophy of mind. Determined that the thought experiment is rooted in generative semantic structures of language and common language metaphoric. In this regard, fixed symbolic functioning of the linguistic metaphor in scientific discourse. Specially marked metatheory character descriptions of conditions and the results of a thought experiment to address the psycho-physical (psychophysiological) problems in the philosophy of mind, as well as studies on the modeling of artificial intelligence. It is assumed that existing in the modern tradition of approaches to the problem of consciousness is insufficient not only because of the hypothetical nature of the study, but also because of avoiding problems of metaphysics and ontology. Grounded understanding of the phenomenon of the comic as creating a new meaning for scientific discourse in general and for the method of thought experiment in particular

In this article I shall discuss the most influential and discussed non-physicalistic arguments, which became almost iconic in the last. Non physicalistic programs can be divided into negative and positive subprograms. There is the question “how physical processes in the brain cause mental experiences?” in the framework of the positive subprogram. In turn, the negative part is mean to critique the main arguments and the provisions of the physicalism. In this article I’m going to focus on the second negative subprogram. I will limit myself to outlining the arguments, which aim to demonstrate and defend phenomenal consciousness. Not having the opportunity to recount specific physicalistic positions and arguments, I would bring them during the review of the non-physicalistic arguments. The purpose of my work is rather modest - I’m going to do a review of the main non-physicalistic arguments, accompanied by their respective explanatory commenting and, if possible, compact analysis. Adhering to the planned format of the research, I did not pursue the goal to provide this research with my own critical comments and suggestions, because it would not meet the scope of the article.

This article analyzes the process of virtualization of life and human environment, which is connected with development of e-culture and its phenomena. Different questions of personal transformation into a virtual character, the transition of social communication in electronic form are considered from the standpoint of philosophical, axiological, existential approaches. The article describes aspects of a person’s lifestyle virtualization associated with the increasing role of management, manipulation; analyzes the characteristics of the broadcasting, simulation, sublimation in the life world of modern man. Virtualization process is inevitably associated with the phenomenon of escape from reality, with social escapism. Another consequence of the virtualization world human life is increasing self-centrism, narcissism, desire for self-presentation in the world. Of particular importance in an era of high-tech consumer gains value hedonism, which plays in the modern world a dominant role. The risks and the threat of losing attribute personality traits are studied also from a position of gaining new freedoms and human capabilities of the Information Age. The paradox here is that the ultimate escapism and narcissism, exit into microsocium “I” turn into an extremely open macrosocial global system characterized by a high dynamism and opportunity management of any part thereof.

Bit by bit IT merge with a human body and cognitive processes. Technologies determine the new notion of human nature which needs to be updated and to be equipped with the latest evolutional version. The updated humanity expects the new forms of social and economic reality. This paper is devoted to some typological aspects of digital immortality as one of the ideological movements of the modern transhumanism. We pursue the following points: to analyze the stages of transhumanism formation (in terms of French community); to describe the technological and social perspectives of digitization of the human brain and mind activity. We give the special focus to the philosophic basis of digital immortality in the context of computer emulation of the brain process. Additionally, the futurological projects of the social transformations are presented. The new notions such as cyber-democracy, atomized government and posthuman neurocommunity are considered as the results of the bio-technological synthesis and the development of human-machine interfaces